Kernel Messages

• /var/log/dmesg → Kernel messages during startup.
• /var/log/messages → Kernel + daemon/process messages while running.
• Kernel messages can also be viewed in the ring buffer with dmesg.
• Buffer may overflow; older messages can be lost.
• Filter output with grep or less for easier reading.

Commands:

dmesg                    # View kernel ring buffer
dmesg | less             # Scroll through messages
dmesg | grep -i usb      # Search for USB-related messages